Is it better to use joint ownership or a trust to pass down a home?

When leaving a home to your children, it is possible to avoid probate by using either joint ownership or a revocable trust, but which is the better method? If you add your child as a joint tenant on your house, you will both have an equal ownership interest in the property. If one joint tenant dies, his or her interest immediately ceases to exist and the other joint tenant owns the entire property. This has the advantage of avoiding probate. A disadvantage of joint tenancy is that creditors can attach the tenant’s property to satisfy a debt. For example, if a co-tenant defaults on debts, his or her creditors can sue in a “partition proceeding” to have the property interests divided and the property sold, even over the other owner’s objections.

In addition, even in the absence of an issue with a creditor, one co-owner of the property can sue to partition the property, so one owner
can force another owner to move out. Joint tenancy has a capital gains impact for a child. When you give property to a child, the tax basis for the property is the same as the price you paid to purchase the property. However, inherited property receives a “step up” in basis, which means the basis for calculating gain is the current value of the property. When you die, your child inherits your half of the property, so half of the property will receive a “step up” in basis. But the tax basis of the gifted half of the property will remain the original purchase price.

If your child sells the house after you die, he or she would have to pay capital gains taxes on the difference between the original purchase price and the selling price. The only way to avoid the tax is for the child to live in the house for at least two years before
selling it. In that case, the child can exclude up to $250,000 ($500,000 for a couple) of capital gains from taxes.

If, alternatively, you put your property in a revocable trust with yourself as beneficiary, and your child as beneficiary after you die, the property will similarly go to your child without going through probate.

A trust is also beneficial because it can guarantee you the right to live in the house, and it takes into account changes in circumstances, such as a child passing away.

Another benefit of a trust relates to capital gains taxes. The tax basis of property in a revocable trust is stepped up when you die, which means the basis would be the current value of the property. Therefore, if your child sells the property soon after inheriting it, the value of the property would likely not have changed much and the capital gains taxes would be low.

In general, a trust is more flexible and provides more options to protect you and your child, but circumstances always vary. You should talk to your attorney about how to pass down your property.